How Many Joints Does The Pectoral Girdle Makeup?

Pectoral Girdle

3 The pectoral girdle consists of the epiplastron (clavicle), the entoplastron (interclavicle), the scapula, the acromion process, and the coracoid bone.

From: Manual of Exotic Pet Practice , 2009

THE SKELETON | Cartilaginous Fish Skeletal Anatomy

K.Thou. Claeson , M.N. Dean , in Encyclopedia of Fish Physiology, 2011

Appendicular Skeleton

The pectoral girdle is positioned just posterior to the neurocranium. The paired halves of the pectoral girdle are fused at the symphysis. The ventralmost portion of the pectoral girdle is the coracoid region. The dorsal portion is the elongate scapular process. This distal portion of the scapular procedure points anterodorsally to prevarication lateral to the base of the chimaeroid synarcual. The pectoral fins are dibasal (with two basal cartilages) and articulate with the glenoid fossa on the posterior border of the coracoid by style of the basal cartilages (propterygium and metapterygium). These pterygia support the radials of the pectoral fin. The pelvic fins lie along the ventral surface of the body. The single basipterygium of the pelvic fin is a flat ovoid cartilage. The inductive margin of the pectoral fin is divers by the basipterygial procedure, which is formed by the fusion of the proximalmost radials and the basipterygium. Additional radials articulate with the basipterygium and are situated parallel to the basipterygial process.

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Paired Fin Swimming☆

E.M. Standen , in Reference Module in Life Sciences, 2017

Pectoral Fins

The pectoral girdle is homologous to the shoulder girdle and is composed of several bones ( Fig. 4). The fin skeleton consists of radials, located at the fin base and supporting the more than distal fin rays. A cartilaginous pad at the end of the radials acts as a focal betoken for fin ray rotation. The first ray is generally thicker and shorter than the remainder and joins with the scapula of the girdle. The rest of the rays are embedded into the cartilage and generally tend to be longer antero-dorsally and shorter ventrally.

The generalized teleost muscle morphology consists of pairs of muscles on either side of the pectoral girdle (Fig. 4). Big arrectors, dorsal and ventral, attach to the marginal fin ray. Adductors, superficial and deep, attach to the rest of the fin rays in a sheet. Abductors, superficial and deep, lie to the lateral or ventro-lateral side of the pectoral girdle (see Table i for detailed muscle origin and insertion points).

Table 1. Paired fin muscle location

Fin	Muscle	Location	Origin	Insertion
Pectoral	Abductor superficialis	Lateral or ventro-lateral of the pectoral girdle	Cleithrum (sometimes coracoid or even radials)	Diffuse or onto tendons attaching to anterior bases of fin rays
Pectoral	Abductor profundus	Lateral of the pectoral girdle but medial of superficialis	Lateral face of the coracoid (sometimes cleithrum and scapula)	Tendinous on the posterio-ventral flanges of fin rays
Pectoral	Arrector ventralis	Well-adult lateral of nearly pectoral fin muscles	Anterolateral cleithrum (may include lateral faces of coracoid and scapula, inner face of cleithrum)	Tendinously on antero-medial base of operations of medial half of marginal (first) fin ray
Pectoral	Adductor superficialis	Dorsomedial muscle mass located on the medial face of the pectoral girdle	Dorsomedial face of cleithrum (sometimes scapula, coracoid, or meso coracoid	Past mode of tendons attaching to the antero-dorsomedial faces of the fin rays distal to their bases and does non attach to the first fin ray
Pectoral	Adductor profundus	Sometimes not entirely separate from superficialis lies medial of the pectoral girdle but lateral to the superficialis	Coracoid and postero-ventral portion of the cleithrum (sometimes scapula, radial, and mesocoracoid)	Tendinous on the postero-ventral flanges at the bases of all simply the first fin ray
Pectoral	Arrector dorsalis	Dorsomedial of the pectoral fin musculature	Postero-ventromedial confront of the cleithrum and adjoining coracoid (also scapula)	Tendinous on the base of operations of the medial one-half of the first fin ray
Pectoral	Other muscles that may be present in the pectoral fin of fishes are the coracoradialis, adductor medialis, adductor radialis, and the interradialis pectoralis
Pelvic	Abductor superficialis	Lies ventrally and medially	The ventral region of the pelvis or median septum between pelvic basals	Anterior (medial) rays but may serve all
Pelvic	Abductor profundus		Ventral face up of the pelvis and the medial septum	Broadly on the bases of the soft fin rays
Pelvic	Arrector ventralis pelvicus		Ventrolateral confront of the pelvis	Ventrolateral confront of the pelvic spine or first pelvic ray, can be absent or not separate from other ventral pelvic musculature
Pelvic	Adductor superficialis pelvicus	Lies on the dorsal surface of the pelvis immediately to a higher place the profundus	Lateral surface of a median dorsal ridge on the pelvis or a midline fascia or the infracarinalis tendon	Fin rays distal of their bases
Pelvic	Adductor profundus pelvicus	Lies immediately above the pelvis	Dorsal side of pelvis	Anterolateral bases of fin rays
Pelvic	Arrector dorsalis pelvicus		Dorsolateral face of the pelvis	Dorsolateral surface of medial one-half of the showtime fin ray or pelvic spine when present
Pelvic	Extensor proprius	Dorsal most muscle of the pelvic musculature, lies higher up the adductor superficialis	Anterolateral surface of the dorsal office of the pelvis	Posteromedially to variable number of inner pelvic fin rays, when present
Pelvic	Other muscles present in some teleosts are radialis ventralis, abductor accessorius, and arrector tertius

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Anatomy, Physiology, and Behavior

Joanne Sohn , Marcelo A. Couto , in The Laboratory Rabbit, Guinea Pig, Hamster, and Other Rodents, 2012

Pectoral Girdle and Limb

The pectoral girdle is made up by the scapula and paired clavicles. The only direct zipper to the axial skeleton is the sternoclavicular ligament ( Cruise and Brewer, 1994). The other major attachments are via the musculature. The humerus, radius, and ulna are typical of the mammalian family. The carpus is comprised of two rows of bones. The distal row articulates with the five metacarpal bones and there are five digits. The kickoff digit has two phalanges while the four other digits have three.

Sesamoid bones are located on the palmar and plantar surfaces of the anxiety and occur in transverse pairs at the metacarpophalagneal junction and in linear pairs at the articulations of the second and third phalanges.

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THE SKELETON | Bony Fish Skeleton

E.J. Hilton , in Encyclopedia of Fish Physiology, 2011

Appendicular Skeleton

The pectoral girdle of most actinopterygian fishes ( Figure 11 ) is unique amid vertebrates in having a direct and often potent zipper to the posterior region of the skull. This connection is achieved through the posttemporal os. The posttemporal most often bears dorsal limb that contacts the posterodorsal portion of the skull roof or the braincase (e.g., with the extrascapular or the epioccipital) and a ventral limb that contacts or braces against the skull (frequently at the intercalar) through ligament or directly bony articulation. Ventral to the posttemporal is the supracleithrum, which is fastened to the centric skeleton (either the basioccipital or an inductive vertebra) through the so-chosen Baudelot'south ligament. The supracleithrum and the posttemporal deport the trunk lateral sensory canal to the skull. The largest dermal os of the pectoral girdle is the cleithrum, which is typically a J-shaped bone that provides much of the surface area for muscular attachment in the pectoral girdle. In basal actinopterygians and in sarcopterygians, in that location is also a clavicle that is positioned anteroventral to the cleithrum. The clavicles are lost in gars and all teleosts. In the bowfin, Amia, there are two small plates that are superficial to the sternohyoideus musculus that have been homologized with the clavicles of more than basal actinopterygians. Also in basal actinopterygians and sarcopterygians, there is a median dermal interclavicle intercalated between the clavicles; this bone is lost in Neopterygii. Posteriorly, there is a series of postcleithra (often one to three elements, but sometimes more or less), which extend posteroventrally from the supracleithrum–cleithrum articulation. In many teleosts the posteriormost postcleithrum is profoundly elongated and rib-like in its form. In sarcopterygians, the shoulder girdle is often separate from the skull (e.g., coelacanths and lungfishes), simply may have additional dermal bones (e.k., the anocleithrum and extracleithrum of coelacanths).

The internal chondral portion of the pectoral girdle of bony fishes is formed by the scapulocoracoid cartilage and its ossifications, and the radial elements that straight support the fin rays. In some taxa, there may be additional neomorphic elements that are synapomorphies for these groups (east.g., the supracleithral cartilage of sturgeons, family unit Acipenseridae). Three endochondral bones are present in nonteleostean and basal teleostean actinopterygians: the scapula, the coracoid, and the mesocoracoid. The scapula ossifies dorsally, surrounding the scapular foramen, whereas the coracoid ossifies ventrally within the scapulocoracoid cartilage. The mesocoracoid ossifies in a medial arch of the scapulocoracoid cartilage that braces against the medial surface of the cleithrum. The mesocoracoid is lost in advanced teleostean fishes. In Sarcopterygii, a unmarried chemical element articulates with the scapulocoracoid, forming the so-called monobasal fin. The proximal radials of the pectoral fin of most actinopterygians articulate with the scapula and the coracoid and extend distally to back up the fin rays. Typically, there are four or more proximal radials (= actinosts) that ossify and a single propterygium that often becomes fused to the leading fin ray. In nonteleostean actinopterygians, there is also a posteriorly positioned, elongated metapterygoid that contributes to the back up of the proximal radials. Finally, in that location is a series of distal radials, which are entirely surrounded past the bases of the fin rays of the pectoral fin. In sturgeons, there is a pectoral fin spine that is formed by the fusion of adjacent fin rays. In catfishes, the pectoral fin as well has a pectoral fin spine formed by the fusion of the segments of the leading fin ray. In these spines, the posterior margin may be serrated.

The pelvic fin of basal taxa is positioned posteriorly on the ventral portion of the abdominal region. In derived teleostean fishes (e.one thousand., Acanthomorpha), the position of the pelvic fin is shifted frontward on the body, and in many acanthomorphs, the pelvic fins may be anterior to the pectoral fins. The migration of the pelvic fin has both phylogenetic (e.g., occurs as a derived country) equally well as functional significance, and seems to be correlated with increased maneuverability and control during locomotion. In Acanthopterygii the soft fin rays of the pelvic fin are preceded by a stout fin spine.

The largest element of the pelvic girdle of most bony fishes is the pelvic os (basipterygium), which forms a large plate-like element that serves to support the pelvic fin musculature ( Figure 12 ). In nonteleostean fishes, the inductive ends of the left and correct basipterygia contact or slightly overlap one another. In sturgeons and paddlefishes, the left and right pelvic girdles are widely separated, each embedded in the hypaxial musculature of the body wall. In most teleosts, the posterior regions of the basipterygia are in contact with the midline. Pelvic radials are lost in the adults of derived acanthomorphs.

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The Mudpuppy

Gerardo De Iuliis PhD , Dino Pulerà MScBMC, CMI , in The Dissection of Vertebrates (Second Edition), 2011

Appendicular Skeleton

The pectoral girdle (Figure five.7) is equanimous of left and right halves that overlap ventrally but do non fuse. The ossified scapula is a short bone that dorsally bears the suprascapular cartilage. The glenoid fossa, the depression that articulates with the forelimb, is on the ventral surface of the scapula. The slender, elongated procoracoid cartilage projects anteriorly from the glenoid fossa. The coracoid cartilage forms the broad, ventral, plate-like function of the girdle; it is these cartilages that partly overlap.

As is typical of tetrapods, the forelimb consists of the brachium, antebrachium, and manus in proximal to distal club. The brachium is supported by the humerus. In the antebrachium the radius is the anteromedial bone, and the ulna is the posterolateral bone. The manus includes 6 cartilaginous carpals, followed distally by 4 digits. The near proximal segment of each digit is a metacarpal, and the more distal elements are phalanges. At that place is some ambiguity as to the use of the term digit. It is considered past some to include simply the phalanges, the free elements of the manus (or foot), and by others to include the metacarpals (or metatarsals) plus the phalanges. Here, we follow the latter scheme, as outlined by Kardong (2009).

The pelvic girdle (Figure 5.viii), similar the pectoral, is mainly cartilaginous. The ilium is ossified and extends ventrally from its joint with the rib of the sacral vertebra toward the acetabulum, the low that articulates with the hind limb. The girdle is formed ventrally by the expansive puboischiadic plate. Examine the plate in ventral view. The elongated, triangular pubic cartilage is the anterior portion. The posterior portion is the ischiadic cartilage, which contains a pair of ossifications termed ischia. Note the obturator foramen just inductive to each acetabulum.

The hind limb is also formed of three segments, the thigh, crus, and foot. The femur is the unmarried os of the thigh. The tibia and fibula prevarication anteriorly and posteriorly, respectively, in the crus. The pes is formed proximally by vi cartilaginous tarsals and distally by four ossified digits. The proximal bone of each digit is a metatarsal, and the distal elements are phalanges.

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Skeleton and Muscles

Ruth Bellairs , Mark Osmond , in Atlas of Chick Development (Third Edition), 2014

The Pectoral Girdle

The pectoral girdle consists of three components, the scapula, the coracoid (alternatively called the procoracoid, see Huang et al., 2000b) and the clavicle, each of which is present as a pair of bones on the left and right, respectively ( Text-Effigy 75 ). In the developed bird the scapula is firmly attached to the rib muzzle by muscles and ligaments, whilst the coracoid and clavicle act as supports for the wing ( Text-Figure 73 ). Co-ordinate to Chevallier (1977), using chick–quail grafting experiments, the scapula is derived from somitic mesoderm of levels 15–24. Yet, Huang et al. (2000b), also using chick–quail grafts, found that the scapula had a dual origin; the scapula bract was formed from cells derived from derma-myotome of somites 17–24, whilst its neck and head developed from the lateral plate (somatopleural) mesoderm; however, all the cells that formed the scapula expressed Pax-1. Co-ordinate to Shearman et al. (2011), vi somites contribute to the distal finish of the blade, and approximately 2-thirds of the scapula is derived from the lateral plate. Signals from the ectoderm, together with BMPs from the lateral plate command the fate of the scapula precursors, merely the dermomyotome compartment does not become committed to chondrogenesis until its cells have undergone epithelio-mesenchymal transition (Wang et al. 2010).

The coracoid and clavicle are formed from the somatopleural mesoderm at levels 10–15 and fifteen–17, respectively (Gumpel-Pinot, 1984). Nonetheless, long-term fate mapping shows that the clavicle also receives some cells migrating from the cranial neural crest (McGonnell et al., 2001). Both the scapula and the coracoid take get established in bleary os past day five, and chondrification begins at about the end of mean solar day six. Ossification starts on day 12, although the junctional region of the two bones remains permanently cartilaginous.

The clavicle (furculum, wishbone) is substantially a membrane bone and ossifies directly from membrane. It begins as a condensation of mesenchyme at stages 31–32 (7.5 days) and starts to become ossified at stage 33 (eight days). In that location is then a brief appearance of secondary cartilage, though this lasts merely from about stages 35–36 (Hall, 2001). The left and correct clavicles come across and fuse about days 12–thirteen, forming the wishbone (furculum or merrythought). Defects of the shoulder girdle have been produced by treating embryos with signalling molecules that lead to the expression of BMPs, which in plow suppress Pax-1 in the limb (Hofmann et al., 1998).

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The Pigeon

Gerardo De Iuliis PhD , Dino Pulerà MScBMC, CMI , in The Dissection of Vertebrates (Second Edition), 2011

Pectoral Girdle and Forelimb

The pectoral girdle of birds is modified to produce a rigid and stable brace for the requirements of flight. These modifications are so pronounced that they usually are retained fifty-fifty in birds that are secondarily flightless. For example, the scapula, procoracoid, and furcula are tightly bound about the shoulder joint; the procoracoid is a stout, elongated element bracing the forelimbs against the sternum.

The scapula (Figures nine.3 and nine.12) is an elongated, bract-like bone that narrows anteriorly. Its inductive stop forms part of the glenoid fossa, which articulates with the humerus.

The procoracoid (Figures 9.3, 9.10, and 9.12) is a stout bone. Its posterodorsal surface articulates with the scapula and completes the glenoid fossa. Dorsomedially, it articulates with the furcula (encounter afterward). The procoracoid widens ventrally and articulates with the body of the sternum, thus acting as a strut between the sternum and shoulder joint. The triosseal canal is a bony passage formed in many birds by three bones (hence its name)—usually the scapula, procoracoid, and furcula—that serves as the passage for the tendon of the supracoracoideus muscle (see later on). In the dove, nonetheless, the culvert is formed simply by the procoracoid. Information technology is an oval opening located most the dorsal end of the procoracoid, just ventral to its articulation with the furcula.

The furcula (or wishbone) is a structure formed past the ventral fusion of the correct and left clavicles and the median interclavicle. It is nowadays in the dove, but in some species the clavicles remain unfused. In many mounted skeletons, a ligament extends between the ventral stop of the furcula and the anterior end of the carina of the sternum.

The forelimb (Figure nine.iii) consists of a stout proximal humerus, followed past the longer radius and ulna. The radius is the straighter, more slender os. The ulna is bowed and has a short olecranon process proximally. Its posterior margin has several remigeal papillae, knob-like markings for the attachment of flight feathers. The hand consists, as usual, of carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges, but these have been highly modified in birds. Two carpals remain unfused: the ulnare, a slender os that articulates with the ulna, and the radiale, which articulates with the radius. These carpals are followed by the carpometacarpus, an elongated chemical element composed of several carpals, proximally, and three metacarpals fused together.

There has been considerable contend over the homology of the digits of birds, with some researchers considering them homologous with digits i, 2, and 3 (as is typical of theropod dinosaurs) and other researchers considering them homologous with digits 2, iii, and 4. Recent morphological and developmental analyses suggest that the digits of birds stand for digits 1, two, and 3. The ii elongated structures of the manus are metacarpal Ii (robust and nearly directly) and metacarpal Iii (slender and bowed). Although information technology is difficult to discern, metacarpal I (the alular metacarpal) is fused into the proximal end of the carpometacarpus, along with the carpals. The phalanges are also highly modified. Those of the alular digit are represented by the curt, triangular fused element, including phalanges 1 and 2, at the proximal end of the carpometacarpus. Phalanges ane and 2 of digit 2 extend distally from metacarpal 2. A small triangular element at the articulation between the carpometacarpus and phalanx i of digit 2 is phalanx ane of digit iii.

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Vertebrae, Ribs, Sternum, Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles, and Bones of the Limbs

Robert Lewis Maynard , Noel Downes , in Anatomy and Histology of the Laboratory Rat in Toxicology and Biomedical Research, 2019

The Pelvic Girdle

Unlike the pectoral girdle, the pelvic girdle is firmly attached to the vertebral column at the sacrum. The pelvis comprises two bones, the os coxae or innominate basic.

The innominate os comprises three fused bones: the ilium, ischium and pubis see Fig. 4.10. Ischium is derived from the Greek discussion for hip joint and pubis refers to the genitalia: pudic (Latin) meaning small or chaste. The innominate bone is described as triradiate in shape: the ilium and pubis indicate frontwards, the ischium points back.

The ilium is a long narrow bone in the rat, but in man it is a broad curved bone with a superior edge, the iliac crest, which sweeps around the flank; in the rat, the os runs directly forrad. The deep greater sciatic notch that is so obvious in the human being bone is much less marked in the rat. It is hardly a notch at all, more than a lengthy indentation that runs from a sharp upper edge (the posterior, inferior iliac spine: this is human anatomy terminology and not really applicative to the rat) down the posterior border of the ischium to the ischial spine, which forms a sharp ridge on the bone. At the medial or deep surface of its dorsal edge is the articulating surface for the sacrum. This surface is pocket-size, narrow, rather wider posteriorly than anteriorly, and occupies simply the caudal function of the surface anterior to the greater sciatic notch. Despite only two sacral vertebrae being fused with the ilium in the rat, the bearing surface of the ilium is described, as in man, as the auricular surface, though information technology looks very unlike a rat or human being ear.

The ischium of the rat is relatively broad and the pubis narrow. The big obturator foramen that is enclosed by the ischium and pubis, is most completely closed (obturated) past fascia and muscle in the living animate being. The pubis bears the articulating surface of the pubic symphysis: a small area on the rather narrow inductive edge of the os. Both the ischium and pubis are divided into superior and inferior rami.

The iii parts of the innominate bone radiate out from the acetabulum, which is the circular cavity that articulates with the head of the femur (acetabulum means vinegar cup: 'acet' as in acerb acid). Although proportionally smaller in the rat than in human being, the acetabulum is similar in shape, being circular but for a notch that appears in its posterior edge (lower border in man). The ilium, ischium and pubis meet in the acetabulum, and although the suture lines cannot hands be seen in the depths of the acetabulum, they are visible on the medial or deep surface of the bone. The articular surface is an incomplete ring of smooth dense bone, covered with hyaline cartilage. The edges of the ring are extended by the labrum, a band of fibrocartilage that grips the head of the femur. A short ligament, the terres ligament, which runs from the depths of the acetabulum to the head of the femur, is said to be important for holding the head of the femur into the acetabulum. This is not its major function, muscles and large extra-articular ligaments exercise that. What information technology does do is to convey blood vessels to the developing head of the femur. This is shown by the work of Norman et al. (1998) on experimental necrosis of the femoral head in the rat. Perumal et al. (2016) provide a detailed review of the role of this ligament in human being.

Rowett described a cotyloid os every bit forming role of the wall of the acetabulum. Although difficult to make out in the adult bone, information technology is credible in the developing rat. Described in man as the os acetabulum, again information technology unremarkably disappears in the adult. A detailed description of this unimportant little bone and several other little nodules is given in that treasury of human anatomy, Quain'southward Elements of Beefcake (Bryce, 1915).

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The Musculature of the Rat

Robert Lewis Maynard , Noel Downes , in Anatomy and Histology of the Laboratory Rat in Toxicology and Biomedical Inquiry, 2019

Pectoral Girdle

In early on fish, the pectoral girdle was attached to the skull, although this connection was lost in early amphibians. The pectoral girdle formed a horseshoe shaped organisation of bones that ran vertically on each side of the torso, simply was not connected ventrally, as there is no sternum in fish. The first segment of the forelimb (or pectoral limb) articulated with the endo-chondral function of the girdle, but every bit it was unattached to the vertebral column or skull, the girdle could move on the chest wall. The pectoral girdle has become less complicated during the process of evolution, but information technology has acquired a ventral linkage to the sternum (meet Affiliate 4: Vertebrae, Ribs, Sternum, Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles and Bones of the Limbs).

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The Pectoral Girdle

Maureen Schaefer , ... Louise Scheuer , in Juvenile Osteology, 2009

Publisher Summary

This chapter is designed to review the pectoral girdle with elaborate discussions on clavicle and scapula. The affiliate opens with the explanation of the clavicle including the identification of principal centers and medial epiphysis. It then moves to the word of shaft metrics using dissimilar references. It discusses appearance and union times using dry bone and radiographic assessment from unlike references. This chapter as well pictorially describes the scapula. It begins with explaining the body scapula, it identification, and orientation. Fragments may exist confused with calvarial bones or the blade of the ilium although presence of the spine should prevent this defoliation. The perinatal scapula also has a similar morphology to the isolated lateral occipital. It then moves to the discussion of the coracoid procedure. The acromial epiphysis can be identified in isolation from mid to late puberty. This chapter gives accounts on metrics and union times, which are explained with the help of various references. The chapter closes with a morphological summary of the pectoral girdle.

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How Many Joints Does The Pectoral Girdle Makeup?

Pectoral Girdle

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Appendicular Skeleton

Paired Fin Swimming☆

Pectoral Fins

Anatomy, Physiology, and Behavior

Pectoral Girdle and Limb

THE SKELETON | Bony Fish Skeleton

Appendicular Skeleton

The Mudpuppy

Appendicular Skeleton

Skeleton and Muscles

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Vertebrae, Ribs, Sternum, Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles, and Bones of the Limbs

The Pelvic Girdle

The Musculature of the Rat

Pectoral Girdle

The Pectoral Girdle

Publisher Summary

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